Hamwe nogukomeza kuzamura imibereho yimibereho, abantu barushaho kwita kubikenewe mumarangamutima, binyuze mukurera amatungo gushaka inshuti, gutunga amarangamutima.Hamwe no kwagura igipimo cy’amatungo, abantu bakoresha ibyo bakeneye mu matungo, ibiryo by’amatungo na serivisi zitandukanye z’amatungo bikomeje kwiyongera, kandi ibiranga ibikenerwa bitandukanye kandi byihariye bigenda bigaragara cyane, bigatuma iterambere ryihuta ry’inganda z’amatungo.
Nyuma yimyaka irenga 100 yiterambere, inganda zamatungo zashizeho urwego rwuzuye rwuzuye kandi rukuze, harimo ubucuruzi bwamatungo, ibikoresho byamatungo, ibiryo byamatungo, kuvura amatungo, gutunganya amatungo, guhugura amatungo nabandi bayobora.Muri byo, inganda zitanga amatungo nishami ryingenzi ryinganda zinyamanswa, ibicuruzwa nyamukuru birimo ibicuruzwa byo kwidagadura mu rugo, ibikoresho by’isuku n’isuku, nibindi.
Inkomoko: PWC
Raporo Bifitanye isano: Ubushakashatsi ku Isoko Ry’inganda Amatungo Ubushakashatsi hamwe na Raporo Yateganijwe Yateganijwe (2022-2028) na Beijing Puhua Youce Information Consulting Co., LTD.
1. Incamake yiterambere ryinganda zinyamanswa
Inganda z’inyamanswa ku isi zimaze gukura mu Bwongereza nyuma y’impinduramatwara mu nganda, zatangiye mbere mu bihugu byateye imbere, kandi amasano yose y’urwego rw’inganda yateye imbere ugereranije.Kugeza ubu, Amerika n’isoko rinini ku isi rikoresha ibikoko by’amatungo, Uburayi n’amasoko yo muri Aziya akizamuka nabyo ni amasoko y’amatungo.
(1) Isoko ryamatungo yo muri Amerika
Inganda z’amatungo muri Amerika zifite amateka maremare yiterambere.Yiboneye uburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe kuva mububiko gakondo bwo kugurisha amatungo kugeza murwego rwagutse, runini kandi runini rwo kugurisha amatungo, kandi urwego rwinganda rurakuze muri iki gihe.Isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika n’isoko rinini ry’amatungo ku isi, rigaragaramo umubare munini w’amatungo, umubare munini winjira mu ngo, umubare munini w’umutungo w’umutungo w’umuturage hamwe n’ibikenewe bikenerwa n’amatungo.
Mu myaka yashize, igipimo cy’isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika cyagiye cyiyongera, kandi amafaranga yo gukoresha amatungo yagiye yiyongera uko umwaka utashye n’ubwiyongere bukabije bw’iterambere.Ishyirahamwe ry’ibikomoka ku matungo muri Amerika (APPA) rivuga ko mu mwaka wa 2020 amafaranga akoreshwa n’abaguzi ku isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika agera kuri miliyari 103,6 z'amadolari, arenga miliyari 100 z'amadorari ku nshuro ya mbere kandi yazamutseho 6.7% kuva muri 2019. Mu myaka icumi kuva 2010 kugeza 2020, inganda z’amatungo muri Amerika yazamutse ava kuri miliyari 48.35 agera kuri miliyari 103,6 z'amadolari, umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bwa 7.92%.
Inkomoko yamakuru: APPA, PWC
Iterambere ry’isoko ryamatungo muri Amerika riterwa niterambere ryubukungu, imibereho yimibereho, umuco wimibereho nibindi bintu byuzuye.Kugeza ubu, yerekanye icyifuzo gikomeye, kikaba kitagize ingaruka nke ku bukungu.Muri 2020, bitewe n'ingaruka za COVID-19 n'ibindi bintu, GDP muri Amerika yazamutse nabi ku nshuro ya mbere mu myaka 10, igabanukaho 2,32% guhera muri 2019. Nubwo imikorere mibi ya macroeconomic, amafaranga yo gukoresha amatungo muri Amerika aracyafite yerekanye icyerekezo cyo kuzamuka kandi ikomeza umuvuduko ukabije w’iterambere, wiyongereyeho 6.69% ugereranije na 2019.
Ingo z'amatungo y'Abanyamerika zifite igipimo kinini cyo kwinjira kandi umubare munini w'amatungo.Kugeza ubu, amatungo yabaye igice cyingenzi mubuzima bwabanyamerika.Nk’uko byatangajwe na APPA, ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 84.9 zo muri Amerika zifite amatungo muri 2019, zikaba zigera kuri 67% by'ingo zose mu gihugu hose, kandi biteganijwe ko ijanisha rizagera kuri 70% mu 2021. Birashobora kugaragara ko umuco w'amatungo ufite umubare munini w'icyamamare muri Leta zunz'ubumwe.Imiryango myinshi y'Abanyamerika ihitamo gutunga amatungo nk'inshuti, kandi inyamanswa zigira uruhare runini mumiryango y'Abanyamerika.Bitewe numuco wamatungo, isoko ryamatungo yo muri Amerika rifite umubare munini nubunini fatizo.
Inkomoko yamakuru: APPA, PWC
Usibye kuba umubare munini winjira mu ngo z’amatungo, umuturage ukoresha amatungo y’umuturage muri Amerika nayo ni menshi ku isi.Dukurikije amakuru aboneka ku mugaragaro, Amerika nicyo gihugu cyonyine ku isi cyakoresheje amadorari arenga 150 ku muntu mu kwita ku matungo mu mwaka wa 2019, ugereranije cyane n'Ubwongereza, ku mwanya wa kabiri.Umuturage akoresha inyamaswa zo mu rugo ni menshi, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza igitekerezo cyiza cyo korora amatungo hamwe ningeso yo gukoresha amatungo muri societe y'Abanyamerika.
Hashingiwe ku bintu byuzuye bikenerwa n’amatungo akomeye, umubare munini winjira mu ngo hamwe n’umutungo ukoreshwa w’umutungo w’umuturage, ingano y’isoko ry’amatungo muri Amerika iza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi kandi irashobora gukomeza umuvuduko uhamye w’iterambere.Mubutaka mbonezamubano bwumuco wamatungo uzwi cyane kandi ukenera cyane amatungo, isoko ryamatungo muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ryakomeje guhuzwa no kwagurwa, bigatuma habaho ibicuruzwa byinshi binini byo mu rugo cyangwa byambukiranya imipaka.Kurugero, urubuga rwuzuye rwa e-ubucuruzi nka Amazone, abadandaza buzuye nka Walmart, abadandaza amatungo nka PETSMART na PETCO, imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi bwamatungo nka CHEWY, ibirango bitanga amatungo nka CENTRAL GARDEN, nibindi. urubuga rwo kugurisha rwahindutse umuyoboro wingenzi wo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byinshi byamatungo cyangwa ibikomoka ku matungo, gukora ibicuruzwa no guhuza umutungo, no guteza imbere iterambere rinini ry’inganda z’amatungo.
(2) Isoko ryamatungo yi Burayi
Kugeza ubu, isoko ry’ibikoko by’i Burayi ryerekana iterambere ryiyongera, kandi ibicuruzwa by’amatungo bigenda byiyongera uko umwaka utashye.Ishyirahamwe ry’ibiribwa by’ibikomoka ku matungo by’i Burayi (FEDIAF) rivuga ko mu mwaka wa 2020 ibikoreshwa by’amatungo mu Burayi byageze kuri miliyari 43 z'amayero, byiyongereyeho 5.65% ugereranije na 2019;Muri byo, igurishwa ry’ibiribwa by’amatungo, ibikomoka ku matungo na serivisi z’amatungo byageze kuri miliyari 21.8 z'amayero, miliyari 9.2 z'amayero na miliyari 12 z'amayero muri 2020, byiyongera buri mwaka ugereranije na 2019.
Inkomoko yamakuru: FEDIAF, PWC
Isoko ryamatungo yuburayi rifite igipimo kinini cyo kwinjira murugo.Dukurikije imibare ya FEDIAF, ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 88 mu Burayi zifite amatungo mu 2020, aho amatungo yinjira mu ngo agera kuri 38%, yiyongereyeho 3,41% ugereranije na miliyoni 85 muri 2019. Injangwe n'imbwa biracyari rusange mu matungo y’iburayi isoko.Muri 2020, Rumaniya na Polonye bifite umubare munini w’inyamanswa zinjira mu Burayi, aho ingo zinjira mu ngo z’injangwe n’imbwa zigera kuri 42%.Ibyo byakurikiwe na Repubulika ya Ceki, aho umubare w’abinjira wari hejuru ya 40%.
Inkomoko yamakuru: FEDIAF, PWC
2. Incamake yiterambere ryinganda zo mu rugo
(1) Ubwiyongere bwubukungu butera iterambere ryihuse ryinganda zinyamanswa, kandi isoko ryo gukoresha amatungo ryaguka uko umwaka utashye
Ugereranije n’isoko ry’amatungo yo mu mahanga, inganda z’amatungo mu Bushinwa zateye imbere bitinze, zatangiye mu ntangiriro ya za 90.Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ihinduka ry’ibitekerezo by’imikoreshereze, inganda z’amatungo mu gihugu cyacu zinjiye mu iterambere ryihuse.Kugeza ubu, uruganda rwacu rwamatungo rufite igipimo runaka, kandi imbwa ninyamanswa ninjangwe ziracyari rusange.Nk’uko impapuro zera zivuga ku nganda z’amatungo y’Ubushinwa zibitangaza, mu mwaka wa 2020 umubare w’imbwa n’injangwe mu mijyi no mu mijyi urenga miliyoni 100, aho imbwa miliyoni 52.22 n’injangwe miliyoni 48.62, bingana na 51% na 46 ku ijana by’amatungo yose ba nyir'imijyi n'imijyi.
Hamwe no kuzamura urwego rwabaturage binjiza nubuzima bwiza, igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo cyahindutse buhoro buhoro kuva "kwita kumurugo" kijya "kubana mumarangamutima".Benshi mu bafite amatungo n'imiryango bafata amatungo nk'abagize umuryango wa hafi, kandi ibyo bakeneye byo gutunga amatungo n'ibiribwa by'amatungo biragenda bitandukanye.Usibye ibiryo by'ingenzi, bagura kandi ibikenerwa bya buri munsi, ibikinisho, ibiryo n'ibikoresho by'ingendo kubitungwa.Nk’uko impapuro zera zivuga ku nganda z’amatungo y’Ubushinwa zibivuga, ikoreshwa ry’umwaka ku muturage ku matungo yo mu mijyi y’Ubushinwa ryarengeje amafaranga 5.000 kuva mu 2018, kandi rikazagera ku 5.172 mu 2020. Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’imitekerereze y’abantu ku bicuruzwa bikomoka ku matungo n'ibiribwa, amatungo umutungo winganda uratandukana buhoro buhoro kandi ugahuzwa, ugakora ibikoresho byamatungo, ibiryo byamatungo, ubuvuzi bwamatungo nibindi bikorwa.
Bitewe nimpamvu nyinshi nkubwiyongere bwumubare wabatunze amatungo, ubwiyongere bwumubare wamatungo no gutandukanya ibicuruzwa, ingano yisoko ryinganda zamatungo mubushinwa ihora yaguka.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2020, isoko ryo gukoresha amatungo ryiyongereye vuba kuva kuri miliyari 14 kugeza kuri miliyari 206.5, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwiyongere bwa 30.88%.
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Bitewe no gutangira hakiri kare inganda z’inyamanswa zo mu mahanga hamwe n’umwanya muto w’isoko ry’amatungo yo mu gihugu, abakora inganda z’amatungo yo mu gihugu cya mbere bari inganda za OEM z’inganda z’amahanga.Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda zitungwa n’imbere mu gihugu, abakora inganda z’amatungo mu gihugu bagiye bahindura buhoro buhoro uburyo bwa OEM kandi bahura n’abaguzi bashiraho ibicuruzwa byabo.Ibigo byinshi byo mu gihugu, birimo Yiyi Group, Petty Group, Sinopet Group, Yuanfei Pet na Zhongheng Pet, byafunguye isoko ryibicuruzwa binyuze mubirango byabo.
(3) Amatungo yo mu rugo yinjira mu rugo ni make, kandi umwanya wo guteza imbere isoko ni munini
Kuva uruganda rwamatungo rwagaragaye buhoro buhoro kuva mu myaka ya za 90, biratinda ko inyamanswa zihinduka ziva mumikorere yibikoresho zikongera kumurimo wongeyeho wo gusabana amarangamutima.Kugeza ubu, igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo mu Bushinwa kiracyari mu rwego rwo gushiraho no kumenyekana.Ibihugu byateye imbere bifite intangiriro hakiri kare munganda zinyamanswa bifite igipimo kinini cyurunani rwinganda.Muri 2019, umubare w'abinjira mu ngo z'amatungo muri Amerika wageze kuri 67%, naho mu Burayi, umubare w'imiryango yinjira mu matungo wageze kuri 38%.Ibinyuranye na byo, ubu umubare w’imiryango y’amatungo yinjira mu Bushinwa uracyari hasi cyane ugereranije n’Uburayi, Amerika ndetse no mu bindi bihugu n’uturere.
Kugeza ubu, igipimo gito cyo kwinjira mu miryango y’amatungo kizana umwanya munini wo gukura hamwe n’iterambere ry’isoko ry’amatungo yo mu rugo.Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’izamuka ry’igitekerezo cyo gutunga amatungo mu Bushinwa, inganda z’amatungo yo mu gihugu zinjiye mu cyiciro cy’iterambere ryihuse, aho isoko ry’ibikomoka ku matungo rirenga miliyari 200 mu mwaka wa 2019. Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe no kumenyekanisha Uwiteka igitekerezo cyo kubungabunga amatungo, igipimo cyinjira mumiryango yinyamanswa kizarushaho kwiyongera, kandi igipimo cyisoko ryamatungo kiziyongera uko bikwiye.
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Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda zinyamanswa mugihugu cyacu, guhindura imyumvire yinyamanswa ni byinshi bigira ingaruka kumibereho yurubyiruko.Nk’uko impapuro zera z’inganda z’amatungo mu Bushinwa zibitangaza, mu rwego rw’amatsinda yo korora amatungo mu 2020, abantu bonyine bangana na 33.7%, mu rukundo 17.3%, bashakanye n’abana 29.4% kandi bashakanye badafite abana 19,6%.Ibikoko bitunze byahindutse amarangamutima yabantu batubatse kandi bitera amarangamutima yubukwe nimiryango.Nukugira uruhare runini mubuzima bwa buri munsi bwabantu.
Bitewe no gutandukana mubyiciro byuburezi, imibereho, ibidukikije bikura nibindi bice, urubyiruko rufite urwego rwo hejuru rwo kwemera igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo, kandi rukeneye amarangamutima menshi kubitungwa.Umubare wamatungo yoroza abantu yerekana kugabana kugaragara kwurubyiruko.Nk’uko impapuro zera zivuga ku nganda z’amatungo y’Ubushinwa zibivuga, ibisekuruza nyuma ya 80 na nyuma ya 90 biracyari imbaraga z’ibikoko by’amatungo, bingana na 74% by’abatunze amatungo muri 2020. Biteganijwe ko nyuma ya 00 zizagenda ziba buhoro buhoro imbaraga nyamukuru zo gukoresha amatungo mugihe kizaza.
3. Amahirwe yo guteza imbere inganda
(1) Igipimo cyo hasi yisoko yinganda zikomeje kwaguka
Hamwe no kwamamara kwinshi mu gitekerezo cyo korora amatungo, haba ku masoko yo hanze ndetse n’imbere mu gihugu, igipimo cy’isoko ry’inganda z’amatungo cyerekanye uburyo bwo kwaguka buhoro buhoro.Dukurikije imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’ibikomoka ku matungo muri Amerika (APPA), nk’isoko rinini ry’amatungo muri iki gihe, ingano y’isoko ry’inganda z’amatungo muri Amerika yiyongereye kuva kuri miliyari 48.35 z'amadolari agera kuri miliyari 103,6 mu myaka icumi kuva 2010 kugeza 2020 , hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubwiyongere bwa 7,92%;Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda z’ibiribwa by’ibihugu by’i Burayi (FEDIAF) rivuga ko muri rusange ibikoreshwa by’amatungo ku isoko ry’ibikomoka ku Burayi bizagera kuri miliyari 43 z'amayero muri 2020, byiyongereyeho 5.65% ugereranije na 2019;Isoko ry’amatungo y’Ubuyapani, rinini muri Aziya, ryerekanye ko iterambere ryiyongera ariko ryiyongera mu myaka yashize, rikomeza umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bwa buri mwaka wa 1.5% kugeza 2%.Mu myaka yashize, isoko ryamatungo yimbere mu gihugu ryinjiye murwego rwiterambere ryihuse.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2020, igipimo cy’isoko ry’ibikomoka ku matungo cyazamutse vuba kuva kuri miliyari 14 kugeza kuri miliyari 206.5, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwiyongere bwa 30.88%.
Ku nganda z’amatungo mu bihugu byateye imbere, kubera itangira ryayo rya mbere n’iterambere rikuze, ifite icyifuzo gikomeye ku matungo n’ibikomoka ku matungo, kandi biteganijwe ko bizakomeza ubunini bw’isoko rihamye kandi ryiyongera mu gihe kiri imbere.Nka soko rigenda rivuka mu nganda z’amatungo, biteganijwe ko inganda z’amatungo mu Bushinwa zizakomeza iterambere ryihuse mu gihe kiri imbere zishingiye ku iterambere ry’ubukungu, gukundwa n’igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo, impinduka mu miterere y’imiryango n’ibindi bintu.
Muri make, kurushaho kwamamara no kumenyekanisha igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo byatumye iterambere rikomeye ry’inyamanswa n’ibikomoka ku biribwa bikomoka ku matungo bifitanye isano, kandi bizana amahirwe menshi y’ubucuruzi n’ahantu ho kwiteza imbere.
(2) Igitekerezo cyo gukoresha no kumenyekanisha ibidukikije biteza imbere inganda
Ibicuruzwa byambere byamatungo byujuje gusa ibisabwa byibanze bikenewe, imikorere imwe yo gushushanya, inzira yoroshye yo gukora.Hamwe nogutanga imibereho yabantu, igitekerezo cya "muntu" cyamatungo kiragenda gikundwa cyane, kandi abantu bitondera cyane ihumure ryamatungo.Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika byashyizeho amategeko n'amabwiriza agamije gushimangira kurengera uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’amatungo, guteza imbere imibereho yabo, no gushimangira ubugenzuzi bw’isuku ry’amakomine y’amatungo.Ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano biteza imbere ibyo abantu bakeneye kubicuruzwa byamatungo bikomeje kwiyongera, kandi ubushake bwabo bwo kurya bukomeza gukomera.Ibikomoka ku matungo nabyo birerekana ibikorwa byinshi, byabantu, bigezweho, kuzamura byihuse, no kongera agaciro kubicuruzwa.
Kugeza ubu, ugereranije n'ibihugu n'uturere byateye imbere nk'Uburayi na Amerika, ibikoresho by'amatungo ntibikoreshwa cyane mu gihugu cyacu.Hamwe no kongera ubushake bwo gukoresha amatungo, igipimo cyo kugura ibikomoka ku matungo nacyo kiziyongera byihuse, kandi ibikomoka ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bizateza imbere iterambere ry’inganda.
4. Ibibazo byo guteza imbere inganda
Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’inganda zacu z’amatungo zinjiye mu cyiciro cy’iterambere ryihuse, inganda z’amatungo yo mu rugo ntabwo zikoresha amahirwe gusa ahubwo zihura n’ibibazo.
Ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije biteza imbere inganda, nkuyoboye inganda zoroheje, inganda zitanga amatungo zatangiye gutinda mu Bushinwa kandi ntizikora ibidukikije by’inganda.Isoko ry’ibikomoka ku matungo y’imbere mu gihugu ntirirashiraho umuyoboro uhamye kandi munini wo kugurisha, kandi ikiguzi cy’inganda ziteza imbere amasoko mashya y’imbere mu gihugu ni kinini, ibyo bikaba byongera ingorane z’inganda zo kwagura isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu.
Ku bijyanye no kubaka ibicuruzwa byigenga, kuri ubu, umubare utari muto w’ibigo bitanga amatungo yo mu rugo bifite intege nke z’ubushakashatsi n’ubushobozi bw’iterambere, ishoramari rito mu kubaka ibicuruzwa byigenga, no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa bike, biganisha ku guhatanira ibiciro bikabije mu bicuruzwa biciriritse. isoko, ridafasha iterambere ryiza ryinganda.
Ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ibyinshi mu bigo byacu binini by’ibikomoka ku matungo bigurisha cyane cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere nk’Uburayi na Amerika, kandi impinduka za politiki y’ubucuruzi mu bihugu bigana zigira uruhare runini ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.Bitewe na politiki yo gukumira ibicuruzwa mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, umwanya w’inyungu w’inganda zitungwa n’imbere mu gihugu zirashobora kugabanuka ku rugero runaka, bikazana ingaruka mbi ku iterambere ry’inganda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-01-2022